ABSTRACT
Nanofibers can mimic natural tissue structure by creating a more suitable environment for cells to grow, prompting a wide application of nanofiber materials. In this review, we include relevant studies and characterize the effect of nanofibers on mesenchymal stem cells, as well as factors that affect cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation. We hypothesize that the process of bone regeneration in vitro is similar to bone formation and healing in vivo, and the closer nanofibers or nanofibrous scaffolds are to natural bone tissue, the better the bone regeneration process will be. In general, cells cultured on nanofibers have a similar gene expression pattern and osteogenic behavior as cells induced by osteogenic supplements in vitro. Genes involved in cell adhesion (focal adhesion kinase (FAK)), cytoskeletal organization, and osteogenic pathways (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Wnt) are upregulated successively. Cell adhesion and osteogenesis may be influenced by several factors. Nanofibers possess certain physical properties including favorable hydrophilicity, porosity, and swelling properties that promote cell adhesion and growth. Moreover, nanofiber stiffness plays a vital role in cell fate, as cell recruitment for osteogenesis tends to be better on stiffer scaffolds, with associated signaling pathways of integrin and Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Also, hierarchically aligned nanofibers, as well as their combination with functional additives (growth factors, HA particles, etc.), contribute to osteogenesis and bone regeneration. In summary, previous studies have indicated that upon sensing the stiffness of the nanofibrous environment as well as its other characteristics, stem cells change their shape and tension accordingly, regulating downstream pathways followed by adhesion to nanofibers to contribute to osteogenesis. However, additional experiments are needed to identify major signaling pathways in the bone regeneration process, and also to fully investigate its supportive role in fabricating or designing the optimum tissue-mimicking nanofibrous scaffolds.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To fabricate bone grafts by bone marrow stromal cell combined with modified PLGA/Type-I collagen compound scaffold using tissue engineering method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The modified PLGA/Type-I collagen compound scaffold was fabricated. The rabbit primary cultured osteoblasts were identified and seeded onto the modified compound scaffold for one week in vitro. The adhesion and growth of cells were observed with scanning electron microscope. The complex of cells and scaffold was implanted into the subcutaneous region of rabbits and new bone formation was evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rabbit bone marrow stromal cells were induced and differentiated into osteoblasts. The adhesion and growth of osteoblasts in cluster were observed on the surface of scaffolds. New bone formation was observed at one month postoperatively and active osteoblasts were found on the surface of the newly formed bone in vivo.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The complex of PLGA and type-I collagen is an appropriate biodegradable scaffold and can be applied in bone tissue engineering.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Rabbits , Absorbable Implants , Biocompatible Materials , Cells, Cultured , Collagen Type I , Therapeutic Uses , Femur , Cell Biology , Lactic Acid , Therapeutic Uses , Osteoblasts , Cell Biology , Polyglycolic Acid , Therapeutic Uses , Polymers , Therapeutic Uses , Prostheses and Implants , Stents , Stromal Cells , Cell Biology , Transplantation , Tissue EngineeringABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor(b-FGF) on revascularization and bone remodeling of allogeneic mandible transplantation in repair of mandible defects in rabbits. METHODS: The mandible defects of 20 adult rabbits were created in both sides. The defects on the left side were implanted with allogeneic bone and local administration of b-FGF; the defects on the right side were only repaired with allogeneic bone as control group. At 1, 3 months after operation, the revascularization and bone remodeling were observed by ink-gelation vascular perfusion-transparency and histological examination. RESULTS: The allogeneic bone and b-FGF group had more marked vascularization and more quick and complete bone formation than control group. CONCLUSION: b-FGF can improve revascularization and bone formation after allogeneic mandible transplantation; allogeneic bone combined with b-FGF is a promising bone substitute in clinical uses.